MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

GUIDE to GRADUATE STUDY in AREA IV:
Energy and Electromagnetic Systems

Fall, 2007

Area IV (and V) Chair:

Professor Leslie A. Kolodziejski

Content

Announcements

Key Research Activities

Academic Program

• Undergraduate Preparation
• Graduate Program
• Master of Engineering, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy Programs
• Rights and Responsibilities in Research (RRR) Seminar
• List of Subject

Research Seminars

Research Programs

Laboratories and Facilities

Faculty/Staff Research Interests

Related Links

Announcements

All research activities in this Area require a strong background in electromagnetics.
Research Assistantships and other financial assistance are typically determined after a graduate
student is admitted. A list of key research activities is found below.

• Continuum Electromechanics
• Electromechanics and Electric Power Systems Engineering
• High Voltage Research
• Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
• Radio and Optical Systems
• Plasma Research
  • Controlled Fusion Energy Generation
  • Space Plasma Phenomena
  • E-Beam Signal Sources and Amplifiers
  • Basic Plasma Electrodynamics
• Optics and Quantum Electronics
• Short Wavelength Lasers
• Optical Information Processing
• Superconducting Electronics
• Optical Imaging and Tomograph
• Nanoscale Technology

Graduate Program:
The graduate program in Electrical Engineering contains no required subjects. Programs are tailored to individual needs and professional objectives, in consultation with the student's graduate counselor and research advisors. However, each Area has recognized the need for certain "recommended" subjects that fulfill the needs of a major percentage of its students. As a graduate student in Area IV, a number of basic graduate subjects are recommended to further your basic understanding of energy and electromagnetic systems, and to provide a framework of understanding to begin research in Area IV. The graduate subjects listed below offer an overview of the ways of thinking and methods of theoretical inquiry in the various major research efforts. However, basic material is presented in the subjects that transcend particular research and application interests.

6.630 “Electromagnetics”
6.631 “Optics and Photonics ”
6.632 “Electromagnetic Wave Theory”
6.651J “Introduction to Plasma Physics I”
6.641 “Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion”

Once a graduate student has selected a research group, or has clearly identified a particular area of research that they will pursue, a number of more specialized graduate subjects are available. The full list of undergraduate, introductory graduate and advanced, specialized graduate subjects are listed below. [It is important to note, as you prepare your graduate curriculum, that not all subjects are available each semester. Some graduate subjects are only offered every other year.]

Master of Engineering, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy Programs
The guidelines for the Master of Engineering and the Master of Science programs include the completion of four graduate level H classes and a Master's research thesis, which must be completed within two years. All students are expected to have completed a master's degree prior to admission into the doctoral program.

There are two qualification examinations for the doctoral program: the Technical Qualifying Examination (TQE) and the Research Qualifying Examination (RQE). To complete the TQE, the student must demonstrate competence in four topic areas: two core undergraduate areas by a written examination at the end of the first year and two advanced topic areas by earning an A in two subjects from the list of advanced graduate level classes. Incoming students should meet with their academic graduate counselor to select the classes that would best prepare them for the TQE. If satisfactory performance is not achieved in all four areas of the TQE, the student may take an oral examination covering the topics which were deemed to be marginal or unsatisfactory. The format for the RQE is a written and oral report on your research to a faculty committee.

In addition to the two qualification examinations, students must i) complete a minor, ii) be a teaching assistant for one term, and iii) take up to two additional classes suggested by their thesis committee. Details of the doctoral program can be found in Memorandum 3800 in the EECS Graduate Office (also on the EECS Graduate Program website).

Rights and Responsibilities in Research (RRR) Seminar
The Area V faculty and research staff conduct an interesting seminar on "Rights and Responsibilities in Research" which is recommended to all graduate students. During these evening “dinner seminars,” discussions center on a variety of situations that you may encounter in your professional career. The situations that will be discussed may include i) how to determine who is a coauthor on a paper or co-inventor on a patent, or ii) what should you do if you discover a mistake in work that is already published, or iii) what if you discover that a student colleague is violating an important safety rule in the lab, as a few examples. You will have an opportunity to discuss these issues with faculty and other students. There are three dinner meetings scheduled for the Fall 2007 semester. See: http://hackman.mit.edu

Letter from Prof. Tayo Akinwande on the Rights and Responsibilities in Research Seminars (pdf)

RRR Schedule, Fall Term, 2007 (watch for updates):

List of Subjects

The following is a list of undergraduate and graduate subjects relevant to Area IV. Those subjects available as MIT, Open Course Ware (OCW) are linked to the appropriate site on the OCW site for EECS.

• Undergraduate Subjects:

6.013J	Fall, Spring	Electromagnetics and Applications
6.061	Spring, alt, odd yrs	Introduction to Electric Power Systems (Kirtley)
6.070J	Fall, Spring, IAP	Electronics Project Laboratory
6.602	Spring	Fundamentals of Photonics
6.161	Fall	Modern Optics Project Laboratory (meets with 6.637)
6.163	Fall, Spring	Strobe Project Laboratory

• First Year and Introductory Graduate Subjects:

6.334	Spring	Power Electronics (Perreault)
6.453	Fall, alt, even yrs (starting 04)	Quantum Optical Communication (Shapiro)
6.524J	Spring	Molecular, Cellular, and Tissue Biomechanics (same as 20.410/2.798/3.971/10.537 ) (Grodzinsky)
6.561J	Fall	Fields, Forces and Flows in Biological Systems (same as 20.430/2.795/10.539/HST544 ) (Grodzinsky)
6.621	Spring	Fundamentals of Photonics (Kaertner) (meets with 6.602)
6.630	Fall	Electromagnetics (Kong)
6.631	Fall	Optics and Photonics (Fujimoto)
6.632	Spring	Electromagnetic Wave Theory (Kong)
6.637J	Fall	Optical Signals, Devices and Systems (Warde)
6.641	Spring	Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion (Zahn)
6.661J	Spring, alt, odd yrs (not offered 2007 and 2008)	Receivers, Antennas and Signals (Staelin)
6.673	Spring, alt, even yrs	Introduction to Numerical Simulation in EE (Hagelstein)
6.685	Fall, alt, odd yrs	Electric Machines (Kirtley)
6.728	Fall	Applied Quantum and Statistical Physics

• More Advanced Graduate Subjects:
  
  

6.634J	Spring	Nonlinear Optics (Fujimoto, Ippen)
6.635	Fall, alt, odd yrs	Topics in Electromagnetism (Kong)
6.638	Fall	Ultrafast Optics (Kaetner)
6.642	Fall, alt, even yrs	Continuum Electromechanics (Zahn)
6.651J	Fall	Intro. to Plasma Physics I (Parker)
6.652J	Spring	Intro to Plasma Physics II
6.690	Spring	Introduction to Electric Power Systems (meets with 6.061)(Kirtley)
6.691	Spring, alt, odd yrs	Seminar in Electric Power Systems (Kirtley, Verghese)
6.972	Fall, alt, odd yrs	Optical Networks (Chan)
6.976	Spring, alt, even yrs	Space Communications and Networks ; (same as 16.399) (Chan)



• Related and Useful Additional Subjects

Research Seminars:

A number of research seminars of interest to students/researchers in Area IV are offered each week and are open to all. A list of seminar series/times/locations is found below and includes:

Research Programs:
The following is a description, in key words and phrases, of research examples in each of the major research clusters in the Area.

Continuum Electromechanics
A.J. Grodzinsky, J.H. Lang, M. Zahn, C.M. Cooke, M.L. Gray, E.H. Frank

• High Voltage Engineering
• Physical Chemistry
• Electrodynamics
• Fluid and Solid Mechanics
• Quantitative Physiology
• Heat and Mass Transfer
• Biomaterials Science
• Automatic Control
• Electrohydrodynamics and Ferrohydrodynamics
• Interdigital Dielectrometry and Magnetrometry Sensors

Electromechanics and Electric Power Systems Engineering
J.G. Kassakian, J.L. Kirtley, Jr., J.H. Lang, S.B. Leeb, G.C. Verghese, M. Zahn, D. Perreault

• High frequency, high power density power electronic circuits
• Modeling and microcomputer control of power electronic systems
• High power semiconductor device characterization
• Modeling and packaging if circuits for minimum EMI
• High performance electric machinery
• Variable speed electric motor drives
• Magnetic levitation for high speed ground transportation
• Micro-electronic sensing and actuation of physical processes
• Development of microfabricated electromechanical electromechanical actuators and sensors
• Design, control, and simulation of electromechanical and electric power systems
• Trend analysis for transformer life evaluation
• Power system modeling
• Monitoring of electric power equipment
• Advanced power plant control methods
• Small computer planning and maintenance models of plant power systems
• Implementation of new concepts in customer interactive electric energy pricing
• Applicance signatures for load research
• Alternative energy

High Voltage Research Laboratory
C.M. Cooke, M. Zahn

• Generation and insulation of high voltages for the transmission of electric power
• Control and measurement of electrostatic phenomena
• Production of charged particle beams
• Electro-optical measurements of high voltage conduction and breakdown phenomena

Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications
J.A. Kong, R.T. Shin, Y.E. Yang

• Remote sensing of the earth particularly in the microwave and millimeter wave frequency range
• Geophysical subsurface probing of terrestrial and extraterrestrial areas
• Microelectronic integrated circuits
• Numerical methods in solving electromagnetic problems
• Study of superconducting electronics applied to microwave and millmeter wave devices and interconnects
• Analysis of electromagnetic interference in instrument landing systems and other precision landing systems for air traffic controls

Radio and Optical Systems
D.H. Staelin, P.W. Rosenkranz

• Development of estimation methods for atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles using microwave and infrared spectral observations of the earth from satellites
• Observations and theoretical prediction of the atmospheric microwave spectrum
• Development of neural net and other retrieval methods for atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles using microwave and infrared spectral observations of the earth from satellites
• Observations and theoretical prediction of the atmospheric microwave spectrum

Plasma Research
A. Bers, R.R. Parker, R. Temkin

• Controlled Fusion Energy generation
• Magnetically Confined Plasmas
• Inertially Confined Plasmas
• Space Plasma Phenomena
  • Transverse Acceleration of Ions
  • Unstable Radiation or studies of intense electromagnetic radiation
    observed at electron cyclotron frequencies and harmonics
• High Power Microwave Research
  • Gyrotrons/Electron Cyclotron Masers for Plasma Heating
  • High Power Microwave Sources
  • Photonic Structure Research
  • Terahertz Microwave Devices for Spectroscopy
  • Accelerator Physics and Engineering
• Basic Plasma Electrodynamics
  • Linear wave propagation and mode conversion
  • Space-time evolution of plasma instabilities – absolute and convective; oscillators and spatial amplifiers in continuous media
  • Linear and nonlinear wave-particle and wave-wave interactions
  • Coherent and chaotic dynamics; solutions and spatiotemporal chaos
    

Optics and Quantum Electronics
J.G. Fujimoto, E.P. Ippen, and F.X. Kaertner

• Laser techniques
• Fiber optics and fiber lasers
• Photonic device fabrication and characterization
• Nonlinear interactions
• Generation and utilization of ultra-short optical pulses
• Measurements of ultrafast phenomena
• Optics and electronics for ultra-high-speed signal processing
• Precision optical frequency measurements
  

Optical Imaging and Tomography
J.G. Fujimoto

• Optical coherence tomography technology for high speed and high resolution imaging
• Optical microscopy and confocal microscopy
• Ultrashort pulse laser technology for imaging
• Spectroscopic microscopy and tomography
• Image processing, reconstruction, and intelligent algorithms
• Development of catheter and endoscopic optical devices
• Image guided microsurgery
• Intravascular imaging in heart disease
• Cancer diagnoses and screening using optical coherence tomography
• Ophthalmic applications of optical coherence tomography
• Retinal disease diagnosis using novel optical imaging techniques and algorithms
  

Short Wavelength Lasers
P.L. Hagelstein

• Experimental development of a small short wavelength laser facility
• Theoretical design and analysis of EUV and soft x-ray lasers using both analytic and computational models
• Development of x-ray laser resonators (both theoretical and experimental)
• Relativistic atomic physics calculations of kinetic processes in moderately ionized ions in medium density plasmas
• Theoretical (and eventually experimental) effort in developing applications for small-scale laboratory x-ray laser technology in the areas of spectroscopy, biology, materials research and other areas
• Analysis of QED self-energy effects in highly stripped ions

Optical Information Processing
C. Warde

• Develop materials, devices, systems for optical information processing
• Investigation of optical processing architectures, algorithms and systems (e.g., optical inference engines, associative memories, neural networks)
• Development of real-time optically and electrically addressed spatial light modulators and smart pixel arrays in GaAs and silicon

Superconducting Electronics
Q. Hu

• Development of THz heterodyne receivers using Superconducting-Insulator-Superconductor (SIS) junctions
• Fabrication and characterization of Josephson devices made of High TC superconductors
• Development of high Tc SQUIDs (Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices)
• Development of high Tc superconducting millimeter wave and infrared detectors
• Development of far-infrared solid state lasers using superconductor/semiconductor hybrid
• Study of quantum transport phenomena in semiconductor quantum devices such as quantum dots, quantum wires, quantum wells, and superlattice

Nanoscale Technology (see nanoEECS)

• Nanoelectronics
• Nanomagnetics
• Nano/micro-optics
• Nanomaterials and nanobiomaterials
• Nanofabrication and self-assembly
• Nanobiotechnology
• Nano/micro-mechanics and fluidics
• Nanoscale simulation and numerical modeling
• Quantum information processing

Laboratories and Facilities:

The faculty and the research staff who are affiliated with Area IV have an impressive array of laboratories and facilities available to graduate students carrying out research in Energy and Electromagnetic Systems. In many cases, the laboratories are supervised by a single faculty or research staff member. However, in a number of cases laboratories and facilities are also shared among groups, as well as made available to properly trained students outside of a particular research group. Below is a brief description of a number of laboratories and facilities supervised by the Area IV Faculty and Research Staff.

• Core Facilities of Center for Biomedical Engineering (A.J. Grodzinsky, Director)
  
• Within the Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC), the largest university laboratory of its kind in the US, a key facility is the Alcator C-Mod Tokamak. The Alcator Tokamak produces plasma conditions approximating those required for fusion and operates at the highest magnetic field of any magnetically-confined fusion experiment in the world. The facilities are available to all departments at MIT and to a number of plasma research groups. Additionally, within the Plasma Electrodynamics Group, significant computational facilities are available and are located in Rm 38-268 [please see website http://rleweb.mit.edu/rlestaff/p-bers.htm]. For those who are interested, brochures are available from PSFC, located in NW16 and NW17, and outside Rm. 38-266. The PSFC website is located at www.psfc.mit.edu.
  
  
• Within the Research Laboratory of Electronics, the Nanoprecision Deposition Laboratory is a state-of-the-art facility established for the layer-by-layer deposition of materials, especially compound semiconductors and dielectrics. Two deposition techniques are available including molecular beam epitaxy, for III-V compound semiconductors containing arsenic, phosphorus, and antimony, and ion beam deposition for dielectrics of silicon dioxide or tantalum pentoxide. In the photo, the molecular beam epitaxy system has two ultrahigh vacuum reactors that are interconnected to a central cluster tool for wafer loading and processing. The molecular beam epitaxy system is capable of handling more than one substrate or wafer and is also available to deposit onto wafers having up to 8 inch diameters.

	Photos by Patsy Sampson, EECS headquarters 2004

• The Optics and Quantum Electronics Group of RLE has world leading facilities for ultrafast optics and integrated photonics, including femtosecond lasers with a variety of capabilities, advanced instrumentation for ultrafast and ultra-broadband measurement, optical fiber devices, and optical probes for nanoscale diagnostics. These facilities are used for research on optical clocks and frequency standards, optical coherence tomography for medical imaging, micromachining, ultrafast optical logic for communication networks, and densely integrated photonic circuits, as well as studies of ultrafast phenomena in materials and devices and the development of new femtosecond capabilities. More information about the people and activities in this group can be found at http://rleweb.mit.edu/groups/g-opt.htm.

	Photos by Greg Hren, Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT

Faculty/Staff Research Interests

• Bers, A. (bers@mit.edu, Room 38-260, x3-4195)
  Plasma electrodynamics; linear and nonlinear interactions of electromagnetic fields with charged particles in collective dynamics. Wave heating and current generation in magnetically confined plasmas. Laser - plasma interactions. Ion acceleration in space plasmas.
  
• Chan, W. S. Vincent (chan@mit.edu, Room 32-D610A, x8-8222)
  Optical communications, wireless communications, space communications and networks.
  
• Cooke, C.M. (cmcooke@mit.edu, Room N10-201, x32591)
  Electrostatic phenomena, properties and theories of dielectrics at high stresses. Generation and measurement of high voltages and electron X-ray beams. High resolution computerized tomography and acoustic wave imaging. Electronic instrumentation circuits. Sensors and monitoring systems.
  
• Ezekiel, S. (sezekiel@mit.edu, Room 26-335. x3-3783)
  Experimental studies in interaction and radiation with matter. Ultrahigh resolution spectroscopy. Laser frequency stabilization. Precision optical measurement techniques. Nonlinear optics. Optical gyroscope.
  
• Frank, E.H. (ehfrank@mit.edu, Room NE47-381, x3-0295)
  
• Fujimoto, J. G. (jgfuji@mit.edu, Room 36-345, x3-8528)
  Lasers and ultrafast phenomena. Femtosecond laser technology and ultrashort pulse generation. Nonlinear optical materials. Photonic devices and micromachining. Biomedical optics and optical imaging.
  
• Gray, M.L. (mgray@mit.edu, Room E25-519, x8-8974)
  Electrical, mechanical and chemical mediators of connective tissue growth and development. Ion partitioning and transport in biological tissues. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Development of micromachined tools for biological applications.
  
• Grodzinsky, A. J. (alg@mit.edu. Room NE47-377, 500 Tech Square, 3-4969)
  Influence of physical stresses on connective tissue metabolism, pathology, and repair. Physical regulation cellular behavior in cartilage. Diagnostics and therapeutics for arthritis. Mechanical, electromechanical, and physiochemical properties of biological tissues and polymeric biomaterials. Fundamental study and modeling of electrical, mechanical and chemical energy conversion in natural and synthetic membranes and tissues.
  
• Hagelstein, P. L. (plh@MIT.EDU, Room 36-570, x3-0899)
  Applied theoretical and computational modeling of physical systems, anomalies in metal deuterides, thermal to electric conversion in solid state and small gap devices, photon theory and applications.
  
• Hu, Q. (qhu@mit.edu, Room 36-465, x3-1573)
  Terahertz quantum cascade lasers and electronics, and their applications.
  
• Ippen, E. P. (ippen@mit.edu, Room 36-319, x3-8504)
  Femtosecond optics, ultrafast phenomena in materials and devices, lasers, microphotonics, devices for fiber-optic networks.
  
• Kaertner, F. X. (kaertner@mit.edu, Room 36-393, x2-3616)
  Ultrashort pulse generation and its applications, frequency metrology, large scale ultraprecise timing and synchronisation, extreme nonlinear optics, noise in microwave and optical circuits, microphotonic devices.
  
• Kirtley, J.L. Jr. (kirtley@mit.edu, Room 10-098, x3-2357) Website: http://web.mit.edu/kirtley/www) Electromechanics, Electric Machinery, Drive Systems, Electric Power Systems.
  
• Kolodziejski, L. A. (leskolo@MIT.EDU, Room 36-287, x3-6868)
  Compound semiconductor materials, novel heterostructures, devices and device physics,. Heteroepitaxial growth processes and advanced fabrication technologies. Optoelectronic and photonic devices.
  
• Kong, J. A. (kong@cetaweb.mit.edu,kong@ewt.mit.edu, Room 26-305, x3-5625)
  Electromagnetic Wave Theory and Applications.
  
• Lang, J.H. (lang@mit.edu, Room 10-176, x3-4687)
  Analysis, design and control of physical systems. Emphasis on electromechanical systems. Applications include traditional electric machines, micro sensors, microactuators and flexible structures. Digital control and manufacturing.
  
• Leeb, S.B. (sbleeb@mit.edu, Room 10-069, x3-9360)
  Design, analysis, construction, control, and monitoring of servomechanical actuators and mechatronic systems. Application of exotic materials including gel polymers to actuator construction.
  
• Parker, R. R. (parker@psfc.mit.edu, Room NW17-288, x8-6662)
  Plasma physics and fusion research. Current drive in toroidal plasmas by means of RF waves. High temperature plasma diagnostics, e.g., space, energy and time resolved measurements of Bremsstrahlung and energetic (~ 100 keV) neutral particle emissions.
  
• Perreault, D.J. (djperrea@MIT.EDU, Room 10-039, X8-6038)
  Power electronics and energy conversion, analog and RF circuit design, electromechanics, and control.
  
• Petrich, G.S. (gpetrich@MIT.EDU , Room 36-293, x3-5020)
  Compound semiconductor materials, novel heterostructures and devices, Heteroepitaxial growth processes with real time control. Optoelectronics and photonic devices. Photonic crystal technology.
  
• Shapiro, J. H. (jhs@MIT.EDU, Room 36-419, x3-4179)
  Quantum information and quantum communication, entanglement generation at optical frequencies, atmospheric optical communications.
  
• Staelin, D. H. (staelin@mit.edu, Room 26-341, x3-3711)
  Signal processing, microwave and infrared remote sensing from satellites; wireless communications; software radio; estimation and compression; neural networks.
  
• Temkin, R. J. (temkin@mit.edu, Room NW16-186, x3-5528)
  Vacuum electron devices, photonic crystal structures, gyrotrons, electron cyclotron masers, free electron lasers, antenna theory, plasma heating, high power microwaves, fiber lasers, accelerator physics, THz technology, Smith-Purcell radiation.
  
• Verghese, G.C. (verghese@mit.edu, Room 10-093, x3-4612)
  Dynamic networks and systems; estimation, control, signal processing; applications to power systems, biological systems.
  
• Warde, C. (warde@mtl.mit.edu, Room 13-3102, x3-6858)
  Optical materials, devices and systems for optical information processing; optoelectronic integrated circuit neural network co-processors; infrared spectro-polarimetric imaging sensors.
  
• Wong, F. N. C. (franco@ncw2.mit.edu, Room 36-473, x3-8131)
  Quantum optical entanglement generation and applications, nonclassical states of light, quantum optical devices. Nonlinear optics. Optical frequency metrology. Free-space telecommunications.
  
• Zahn, M. (zahn@mit.edu, Room 10-174, x3-4688)
  Electromagnetic, electromechanical, and electro-optical interactions with gaseous, liquid, and solid media, especially under high electric and magnetic fields; electrohydrodynamics and ferrohydrodynamics; dielectrometry and magnetometry sensors for measuring dielectric, conduction, and magnetic properties of media; micro/nano-electromechanical system (MEMS/NEMS) devices.

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